var Quest  =new Array();
var Anwser  =new Array();

Quest[1]='What is Structured cabling system?';
Anwser[1]='A structured cabling system is a set of structured cabling system and connectivity products that integrates the voice, data, video application in a building. A structured cabling system should be designed in accordance with international standards will ensure predictable performance across abroad range of connected equipment. Structured Cabling System refers to all of the structured cabling and connecting components installed in a logical and hierarchical way. The basic principle of structured cabling is to flood wire a building offering a three meter square grid of useable floor space for each user.This area is defined as a work area accommodating a minimum of one data outlet, one voice outlet and two 13A power outlets.<br> The original Standard governing the structured cabling system was the Commercial Building Telecommunication Wiring Standard EIA/TIA 568, July 1991. This has now been superseded by an International Standard ISO/IEC 11801 which has similar recommendations to the above but also includes a new chapter on Link Performance. This classifies a link that will provide the minimum transmission performance required to support an application within the same class. <br>A structured cabling system provides a flexible and cost effective ways of transmitting voice and data. Structured cabling system allows moves changes and upgrades to be made with the minimum amount of disruption just by making reconnection of the wiring.Leading the markets with the highest-quality connectivity products on the market, we have developed a complete end-to-end structured cabling system.If you want to get more information of structured cabling system, please read the main index for structured cabling system.';
Quest[2]='What are the major components of a Structured cabling system?';
Anwser[2]='A structured cabling system consists of outlets, which are usually supplied as either one or two RJ45 connectors mounted in a standard single gang faceplate, or as single snap in modules which can be fitted into surface mount boxes or single/double gang faceplates.Each user outlet is connected to a hub using a twisted pair cables, which is named as the Horizontal Cabling. The structured cabling system can be either unshielded, known as UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair) or shielded, known as STP (Shielded Twisted Pair) , SCTP (Screened Twisted Pair) or FTP (Foiled Twisted Pair).structured cabling system is connected to the back of the user outlet by means of a connector.The maximum length of cable between the hub and any outlet must be 90 metres or less for complying to EIA/TIA and ISO standard. The standards allow a further 10 metres for connecting patch cords, making a total distance of 100 metres or less.<br>At the hub, the 4 pair cables from the user outlets are terminated on patch panel. These patch panel usually have IDC (Insulation Displacement Connection) connectors on the rear for terminating the horizontal cables,and provide an RJ45 presentation on the front for patching. Patch panels are usually mounted in wall mounted or free standing 19 inch racks. RJ45 patch panels usually come with 16, 24, 32, 48 or 96 connectors. The patch panel provides 110 style, 8 pin modular connectors which are rack mounted to allow cables to be neatly punched down. Patch panel and cross connect hardware allow for:<br>* means to connect station cables with jumper cables. <br>* connection of active equipment to the UTP network.<br>* identification of circuits for structured cabling system management.<br>* An access point for circuit testing and monitoring.<br>* An access point for reconnection of the wiring within the network.<br>The hubs are connected together back to the main equipment room using backbone cables, which can either be copper or optical fibre cable. In most structured cabling system, multicore optical cables ( usually 4 - 12 cores ) are used for the data backbone cables and Multipair ( usually 25 , 50 or 100 ) copper cables are used for the voice backbone cables.<br>The equipment racks and cabinets usually also contain active equipment for the data network. Depending on the equipment used, the data channels may be presented in one of two different ways.<br>Each data channel on the equipment may be fitted with an RJ45 connector, so that channels can be patched directly to the patch panels terminating the horizontal cables. Alternatively, the equipment may be fitted with Telcoconnectors, these are 25 pair connectors each of which carries several (usually 12) data channels. Even though the IEEE 802.3ab Gigabit Ethernet specification has released and applications groups are turning their attention towards next generation solutions, there is still a great degree of uncertainty as to the capability of todays telecommunications cabling systems to support tomorrows high bit-rate applications. Fortunately, the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) and International Organization for Standardization (ISO) have made great strides in the specification and clarification of the minimum structured cabling system performance criteria necessary to support these next generation applications.<br>Additional requirements and recommendations for category 5 cable and class D structured cabling system that are intended to supplement the existing TIA/EIA-568-A and category ISO/IEC 11801 class specifications have recently been published.These specifications address additional transmission performance characterization required by structured cabling system developers to support bi-directional and full four-pair transmission schemes (such as those utilized by Gigabit Ethernet). Table 1 identifies these new structured cabling system documents developed by the TIA and ISO technical committees. ';
Quest[3]='Why do we use Wall Jacks?';
Anwser[3]='If there is no wall jack, one has to get enough spare cable for allowing relocation of the workstation. In this case, he may get too much cable coiled up in every station for future purposes. With a wall jack, he can get a patch cable of the best length and replace the patch cable if there is any relocation.All the wear and tear is mainly on the cable plant.With a wall jack, cable failures are much more likely to be in the patch cables, and it is always easy to swap out a patch cable when there is any cable problem.There are actually a number of components that make up a wall jack.It comprises a wall plate and a wiring box together with an RJ-45 connector.A wall plate lets you add a label identifying the information outlet. The identification should always be the same as the label on the patch panel in the wiring closet. The wiring box is pretty much like an electrical wiring box. It provides something to affix the wall plate to and a place for some slack cable.The connectors will have an RJ-45 on the front and has a 110-style connector on the back, color-coded either with 568A or B to match the color of the cable pairs.Every wall plate should be wired the same (568A or 568B) way and must also match the style on the patch panel. ';
Quest[4]='Why do we use Patch Panel?';
Anwser[4]='A patch panel pr.comovides a convenient place to terminate all of the cable runs coming from different rooms into the wiring closet. Of course, one could skip the patch panel and just connect all RJ-45 connectors directly into the hub, but one may miss the following advantages¡£<br>You can label the patch panel so you know which room the cable run goes to. Putting the labels on the cables is tougher to read than labels on a patch panel and also there is risk of having the cable labels fall off. A patch panel is a step up from a punch-down block. It usually has a 110 style connectors on the back for the cable to run to the stations. Each of those connectors is wired to an RJ-45 on the front. The RJ-45 on the front provides a spot to plug in a patch cable that goes to the hub. The Type 110-style connectors are usually color-coded with 568A or 568B to match the color of the cable pairs.It is always essential that the style (568A or 568B ) on the patch panel matches the style of the wall plate.';
Quest[5]='Why do we use 110 punchdown block?';
Anwser[5]='Punchdown block were the predecessor of patch panels. punchdown block used to be very common for 4 Mbps Token Ring and Ethernet networks, but punchdown block generally are not considered capable of supporting Category 5 cabling. This section discusses punchdown block with Type 66 connectors, and their use for telephone or Local Talk networks.<br>66 punchdown block is used to handle telephone cabling. 66 punchdown block solved the problem of how to connect several cable runs to each other, without going through a hub.For example, One can have only one incoming line from the phone company, but I needed to connect it to several different rooms.<br>A 66 block is a punchdown block with type 66 connectors. A unique feature of this 66 punchdown block was that it was prewired. Each 4 rows were connected to 4 pins on an RJ-11 (phone) connector. If you do the math, you will see that with 4 rows used per RJ-45, with a 50 row block it has 12 RJ-11 connectors and 2 rows left over.<br>Column 4 is commonly used as an "outgoing" column, with each row connected to a pin on a cable leading to a office drop. Column 1 is used as an "incoming" column. To wire "straight through", connecting pin 1 to pin 1, all you have to do is use a bridge clip to connect column 2 to 3 on the row for pin 1. A bridge clip is just a little metal clip just the right size to connect column 2 and 3 together. If you need to crosswire something, just connect a wire from column 2 in one row to column 3 in a different row.This neat and easy arrangement has made 66 punchdown block very popular in telephone and network cable management.<br>Also, notice that on an RJ-11 for telephone use, the pairs are different.';
Quest[6]='Why do we use hub?';
Anwser[6]='Strictly speaking, the Ethernet hub is not part of the cable plant, but your network always require a hub. Hubs are also called repeaters, are pretty inexpensive these days.  ';
Quest[7]='Why do we use Patch Cables?';
Anwser[7]='Patch cables is used to connect the patch panel to the hub. Always use a patch cable just long enough for connection as this reduces the cabling mess and tangle. Besides, try to use different colors of cables for the particular functions.For patch cables connecting PCs to the wall plates, just get longer length for future relocation purposes.';
Quest[8]='What is 568A standard?';
Anwser[8]='ANSI/EIA (American National Standards Institute/Electronic Industries Association) Standard 568 is one of several standards that specify"categories" of twisted pair cabling systems in terms of the data rates that they can sustain. The specifications describe the cable material as well as the types of connectors and junction blocks to be used in order to conform to a category. ';
Quest[9]='What is Category 5 cable or Cat 5 Ethernet cable?';
Anwser[9]='Category5 Cable is also named as Cat 5 Ethernet Cable, It mainly includes UTP Category 5 cable 4 Pairs, UTP Category 5 cable 25 Pairs, FTP category 5 cable 4 Pairs and FTP category 5 cable 25 Pairs. Category 5 cable (Cat 5 Ethernet Cable) defines the performance of Cat 5 Ethernet cable infrastructure capable of supporting a network speed of 100 Mbps. Generally; this is implemented using UTP or FTP cable. The Category 5 cable/Class D Specifications guarantee data networks to perform at 100 MHz and is suitable for 10Mbps and 100Mbps data transmissions.';
Quest[10]='What are Cat 5e cables?';
Anwser[10]='Cat 5e cables are the most common product in the cabling system. Cat 5e cables are also named as Cat5e bulk cables. Cat 5e cables includes both UTP Cat 5e cable and FTP Cat 5e cable. The following is a more technical description of the Cat 5e cables<br>The test parameter for Cat 5 cables assumes that only two of the four cable pairs will be used. ( One pair for transmitting, and one for receiving). Gigabit Ethernet uses all four pairs to transmit data simultaneously. Cat 5e cables (or Enhanced Cat 5 cables) specifies a more comprehensive series of tests to measure the effect of transmitting data on all four pairs, particularly with respect to cross talk, enabling the demands of Gigabit Ethernet to be met. Cat 5e cables provides Power Sum Characteristics that enable these increased data rates.<br>Cat 5e cables supports increased data rates ( presently up to 1000 Mbps) across a cabling infrastructure offering the same 100 MHz bandwidth The network will be capable of supporting higher speed protocols than Standard Cat 5 cables.';
Quest[11]='What is Category 6 & 7? ';
Anwser[11]='Category 6 is capable of a transmission frequency of 250 MHz and would use UTP or FTP/SFTP cable and R145 connectors. It provides an excellent platform for Gigabit Ethernet (which uses complex encoding techniques to limit the required bandwidth to 100 MHz), but also caters for future high-speed data transmission protocols using less expensive encoding schemes.Category 7 will use fully shielded cables (overall shield and individually shielded pairs) and a new connector type in order to achieve 600 MHz capabilities. Cat 6 and Cat 7 have tighter twists, which result in greater speeds.';
Quest[12]='What is Power Sum?';
Anwser[12]='Traditionally Crosstalk can only been measured between any combination of two pairs within the cables. Power Sum is a way of calculating the Crosstalk on an individual pair caused by the three other pairs in the cables. This is of crucial importance for Gigabit Ethernet, where all four pairs are used simultaneously.  ';
Quest[13]='Why do we use Category 6 instead of Enhanced Category 5 Products?';
Anwser[13]='Installing Category 6 cabling now will assure going beyond Gigabit Ethernet.<br>Enhanced Category 5 is currently sufficient to support data rates up to 1000 Mbps over 100 Mhz but might not be capable of supporting technologies beyond Gigabit Ethernet. Category 6 allows running on a higher frequency limit 250 MHz. This allows existing protocols to operate with more headroom and provides the infrastructure to cope with future developments in data communication technology.';
Quest[14]='What is Unshielded Twisted Pair( UTP) Cable?';
Anwser[14]='As the name implies, "unshielded twisted pair" (UTP) cabling is twisted pair cables which contains no shielding. The impedance of UTP is generally 100 ohm.';
Quest[15]='What is the major UTP cable Categories? ';
Anwser[15]='Category 1 & Category 1 ( 1Mhz ) is mainly used for Analog voice (plain old telephone service), ISDN Basic Rate Interface Doorbell wiring. <br>¡¡¡¡Category 2 - Category 2 (4 Mhz) is mainly used in the IBM Token Ring networks.<br>¡¡¡¡Category 3 - Category 3 (16Mhz) is mainly used for 10Base-T, 100Base-T4, and 100Base-T2 application.<br>¡¡¡¡Category 4 - Category 4 (20Mhz) is mainly used for 10Base-T, 100Base-T4, and 100Base-T2 application.<br>¡¡¡¡Category 5 - Category 5 (100Mhz) is mainly used for 10Base-T, 100Base-T4, 100Base-T2, and 100Base-TX application.<br>¡¡¡¡Category 5e - Category 5e (100Mhz) is mainly used for 10Base-T, 100Base-T4, 100Base-T2, and 100Base-TX and 1000Base T2 application As compared to Cat 5 cable, it has improved specifications for NEXT and PSELFEXT and Attenuation. <br>¡¡¡¡Category 6 - Category 6 (250Mhz) is mainly used for 1000Base T2 application.<br>¡¡¡¡As compared to Cat 5e cable, it has improved specifications for NEXT and PSELFEXT and Attenuation.<br>¡¡¡¡Category 7 - Category 7 is a proposed standard that aims to support transmission at frequencies up to 600 MHz over 100 ohm twisted pair.  ';
Quest[16]=' What is Screened Twisted Pair Cables (FTP / ScTP)?';
Anwser[16]='Screened Twisted Pair (ScTP) is 4-pair 100 ohm UTP, with a single foil or braided screen surrounding all four pairs in order to minimize EMI radiation and susceptibility to outside noise. Screened twisted pair is either called Foil Twisted Pair (FTP),or Screened Twisted Pair (ScTP).ScTP or FTP can be regarded as a shielded version of the Category 3, 4, & 5 UTP cables.';
Quest[17]='What is Shielded Twisted Pair Cables (STP)?';
Anwser[17]='The 150 ohm twisted pair cabling defined by the IBM Cabling System specifications for use with Token-Ring networks.The twisted pairs in 150 ohm STP are individually wrapped in a foil shield and enclosed in an ov The term "shielded twisted pair" (STP) most often refers to erall outer braided wire shield.The shielding is designed to minimize EMI radiation and susceptibility to crosstalk.150 ohm STP is not generally intended for use with Ethernet.However,the Ethernet standard does describe how it can be adapted for use with 10Base-T,100Base-TX,and 100Base-T2.Ethernet by installing special impedance matching transformers,or "baluns",that convert the 100 ohm impedance of the Ethernet transceivers to the 150 ohm impedance of the STP cable. <br>¡¡¡¡The various versions of 150 ohm STP cable are identified by a "Type" number.The original IBM Cabling System specifications defined STP cable Types 1, 2, 6, 8, 9 for support of Token-Ring frequencies up to 16 MHz. Later, an enhanced IBM Cabling System defined STP-A cable Types 1A, 2A, 6A, 9A for support of FDDI frequencies up to 100 MHz.The "A" suffix denotes the enhanced IBM Cabling System.Type 1 is the heavy black cable that is most commonly associated with the IBM Cabling System.It contains only 2 twisted pairs as compared to UTP and ScTP which typically contain 4 twisted pairs. Note that 100Base-T4 and 1000Base-T cannot be adapted to use STP£¬because they require a cable with 4 twisted pairs.';
Quest[18]='What is Coaxial Cables? ';
Anwser[18]='Coaxial cable is a type of communication cable in which a solid center conductor is surrounded by an insulating dielectric which in turn is surrounded by an outer conductor (usually a braid, foil or both). The entire assembly is then covered with an insulating jacket. Coaxial cables have a wide bandwidth and are capable of carrying many data, voice, and video conversations simultaneously. ';
Quest[19]='What is Thicknet?';
Anwser[19]='Thicknet is the 50-ohm "thick" (10mm) coaxial cable used with Ethernet 10Base5 networks.10Base5 is the original Ethernet system that supports a 10 Mb/s transmission rate over a 500 meter maximum supported segment length. <br>¡¡¡¡Thick Ethernet coaxial cabling includes a "mark" every 2.5 meters to indicate proper placement of the 10Base5 transceivers (or MAUs) used to connect stations to the network. Transceivers may be placed at any multiple of 2.5 meter intervals. This minimizes signal reflections that may degrade the transmission quality of the cable segment. The outer jacket of Thick Ethernet cables is typically a bright color (often yellow) with black bands at 2.5 meter intervals to mark valid transceiver placement points. <br>¡¡¡¡10Base5 transceivers are attached through a clamp that makes physical and electrical contact with the cable. They are also called "transceiver taps" because they are connected through a process known as "tapping" that drills a hole in the cable to allow electrical contact to be made. The transceivers are called "non-intrusive" taps because the connection can be made on an active network without disrupting traffic flow. <br>    The standard allows a 10Base5 coaxial cable segment to be up to 500 meters in length. Up to 100 transceivers may be connected to a single segment at any multiple of 2.5 meters apart. A 10Base5 segment may consist of a single continuous section of cable, or be assembled from multiple cable sections that are attached end to end. If multiple cable sections are used, it can result in "impedance mismatches" that are caused by slight differences in the impedance of each cable section. When excessive, these mismatches can cause signal reflections that result in bit errors and discarded frames. Segments with multiple sections are often built with cable that comes from a single spool. This ensures each section of the cable segment will have consistent impedance since it was built by.';
Quest[20]='What is Thinnet?';
Anwser[20]='Thinnet, also known as Thin Ethernet, is the 50-ohm "thin" (5mm) coaxial cable used with Ethernet 10Base2 networks, supporting a 10 Mb/s transmission rate over a 185 meter maximum supported segment length.<br>¡¡¡¡The Thinnet cable for 10Base 2 has the advantages of being cheaper, lighter,more flexible, and easier to install than the Thicknet cable for 10Base5.However the thin cable has the disadvantage that its transmission characteristics are not as good as the thick cable. It supports only a 185 meter maximum segment length (vs. 500 meters for 10Base5) and a maximum of 30 stations per cable segment (vs. 100 for 10Base5). <br>¡¡¡¡10Base2 transceivers (MAUs) are connected to the Thinnet cable segment through a "BNC Tee" connector, and not through "tapping" as with 10Base5.As the name implies, the BNC Tee connector is shaped like the letter "T".The horizontal part of the "T" includes female connectors that mate with the male BNC coaxial connectors on each end of the attaching cable sections.The vertical part of the "T" includes a male BNC connector that either computer station, or to an external thin Ethernet transceiver that is then attached to the NIC through a standard AUI cable. If stations are removed from the network, the "T" connector is removed and replaced with a "BNC Barrel" connector that provides a straight through connection. <br>¡¡¡¡Each end of a 10Base2 coaxial segment must be terminated with a BNC 50-ohm terminator. For safety reasons, a ground wire should connect the segment to earth ground at one point, typically at the terminator on the end of the segment.';
Quest[21]='What is CATV cables?';
Anwser[21]='CATV cabling is a 75 ohm coaxial cables commonly known for transmission of Cable TV signals, but is also used with Ethernet 10Broad36 networks. CATV stands for "community antenna television".<br>¡¡¡¡CATV cabling is used for "broadband" transmission as opposed to the "baseband" transmission used by all other Ethernet physical layers. A broadband cabling system supports transmission of multiple services over a single cable by dividing the bandwidth into separate frequencies, with each frequency assigned to a different service. This technique is used in cable TV transmission systems to transmit multiple channels over a single cable. Each channel uses a different frequency range. This capability can allow 10Broad36 share a single cable with other services such as video.';
Quest[22]='What is Twinaxial cables?';
Anwser[22]='Twinaxial is a type of communication cable consisting of two center conductors surrounded by an insulating dielectric which in turn is surrounded by a tubular outer conductor (usually a braid, foil or both). The entire assembly is then covered with an insulating jacket. Twinaxial is constructed much like coaxial cable, except it has two center conductors instead of one. However, it is similar to twisted pair cabling in that it uses differential,or"balanced", transmission. 150-ohm twinaxial is specified as a "short haul" cable that can be used with the 1000Base-CX media system. Although twinaxial has better transmission characteristics than twisted pair media, it supports segment lengths of only 25 meters for 1000Base-CX due to the very high 1.25G baud signal transmission rate. ';
Quest[23]='What is Fiber Optics Cable?';
Anwser[23]='Fiber optics cable is a technology where electrical signals are converted into optical signals, transmitted through a thin glass fiber, and re-converted into electrical signals. It is used as transmission medium for the following Ethernet media systems: FOIRL, 10Base-FL, 10Base-FB, 10Base-FP,100Base-FX, 1000Base-LX, and 1000Base-SX. <br>Fiber optics cable is constructed of three concentric layers:The "core" is the central region of an optical fiber through which light is transmitted.The "cladding" is the material in the middle layer. It has a lower index of refraction than the core which serves to confine the light to the core. An outer "protective layer", or "buffer", serves to protect the core and cladding from damage. <br>We recommend a horizontally run, multimode fiber optics cable for indoor LANs.A multimode fiber optics cable has several hundred modes,individual parameters of light called "waveguides".A minimum of six (6) strands per cable is recommended, while twelve (12) strands are optimal. Cable can be PVC or riser type for non-plenum areas.Plenum areas require a plenum rated,Communications Plenum (CMP),type cable.Fiber optic connectors are single terminus (ST) or subscriber connector (SC) type connectors, either epoxy or crimp type. LIU boxes are used to allow a permanent fiber termination point. Fiber optics cable technology is the future of computer applications and telecommunications networks. Fiber optics cables high capacity supports video,data and interactive services of all kinds.<br>Benefits Fiber optics cable is an excellent choice for horizontal station runs to central hubs and backbones. <br>Fiber optics cable eliminates distance/distribution problems, which are typical of copper cable systems. <br>Fiber optics cable are also immune to electromagnetic intrusions, crosstalk,radio frequency interference, impedance mismatches, ground loops and transmission frequency variances. <br>Fiber optics cable remains quite stable and presents a secure means for priority transmissions,which normally create problems for copper cable. <br>Fiber optics cable have exceptional ability to accommodate transmission bandwidths, when matched with the proper mode of operation.';
Quest[24]='What is Multi-Mode Fiber Cables?';
Anwser[24]='Multi-mode fiber allows many "modes", or paths, of light to propagate through the fiber optic cable. The relatively large core of a multi-mode fiber allows good coupling from inexpensive LEDs light sources and the use of inexpensive couplers and connectors. Multi-mode fiber typically has a core diameter of 50 to 100 microns. <br>   Two types of multi-mode fiber exist with a refractive index that may be "graded" or "stepped". With graded index fiber the index of be "graded" or "stepped". With graded index fiber the index of refraction of the core is lower toward the outside of the core and progressively increases toward the center of the core, thereby reducing modal dispersion of the signal. With stepped index fiber the core is of uniform refractive index with a sharp decrease in the index of refraction at the core-cladding interface. Stepped index multi-mode fibers generally have lower bandwidths than graded index multi-mode fibers. <br>          The most popular fiber for networking is the 62.5/125 micron multi-mode fiber. These numbers mean that the core diameter is 62.5 microns and the cladding is 125 microns. Other common sizes are 50/125 and 100/140. <br>   The primary advantage of multi-mode fiber over twisted pair cabling is that it supports longer segment lengths. Multi-mode fiber can support segment lengths as long as 2000 meters for 10 and 100 Mbps Ethernet, and 550 meters for 1 Gbps Ethernet. <br>   The industry recommends fiber optic cable be considered for distances greater than 295 feet, when electromagnetic interference is a problem or when transmissions bit rates exceed 350 MHz.';
Quest[25]='What is Single-Mode Fiber?';
Anwser[25]='Single-mode fiber has a core diameter in 10 micron to allow only single mode of light to propagate.This eliminates the main limitation to bandwidth and modal dispersion.However,the small core of a single-mode fiber makes coupling light into the fiber more difficult,and thus expensive lasers must be used as light sources. The main limitation to the bandwidth of a single-mode fiber is material (chromatic) dispersion.Laser sources must also be used to attain high bandwidth, because LEDs emit a large range of frequencies,and thus material dispersion becomes significant. <br>Single-mode fiber is capable of supporting much longer segment lengths than multi-mode fiber.Segment lengths of 5000 meters and beyond are supported at all Ethernet data rates through 1 Gbps.Single-mode fiber is significantly more expensive to deploy than multi-mode fiber because of the high laser equipment cost.';
Quest[26]='What is RJ-45 connector?';
Anwser[26]='An "RJ-45" connector is used on Ethernet twisted pair links.An RJ-45 connector has 8-pins, and may also be referred to as an "8-pin Modular Connector". A male RJ-45 "plug" is usually mounted at the end of the UTP cable. A female RJ-45 jack is usually built into the Ethernet hub.';
Quest[27]='What is IBM Cabling System?';
Anwser[27]='The original IBM Cabling System specification defined the 150 ohm STP cable Types 1, 2, 6, 8, & 9 for support of frequencies up to 16 MHz.It also defined the 100 ohm Type 3 UTP cable, and Type 5 & 5J fiber optic cables. Later, an enhanced IBM Cabling System defined STP-A cable Types 1A, 2A, 6A, & 9A for support of FDDI and frequencies up to 300 MHz. The "A" suffix denotes the enhanced IBM Cabling System. The original IBM Cabling System was defined in IBM publication GA27-3773. The enhanced, or STP-A, cabling is defined in the TIA/EIA 568-A standard. <br>Generically, the term "shielded twisted pair" can be used to refer to any twisted pair cabling in which the overall cables are screened with an outer shield. Individual pairs may also be shielded. However, the acronym "STP" most often refers to the 150 ohm shielded twisted pair cables defined by the IBM Cabling System specifications and used with Token-Ring networks. 150 ohm STP should not be confused with the 100 ohm shielded twisted pair used with Ethernet networks commonly known as "screened twisted pair" (ScTP) or "foil twisted pair" (FTP). Type 1 (1A) STP is the stiff black cable most commonly associated with the IBM Cabling System. It contains two "data grade" shielded twisted pairs. Type 2 (2A) STP is the same as Type 1 (1A) except that it also contains four "voice grade" twisted pairs. The two data grade pairs are intended for data networking such as Token-Ring, while the four voice grade pairs are intended for telephone connections. Type 2 (2A) STP allows a single cable to be routed to each office that supports both data and voice connections.Types 6 (6A) & 9 (9A) STP contain two shielded twisted pairs that are constructed of a smaller wire gage that makes them better suited for applications where a flexible cable is required. Type 6 (6A) is typically used for short patch cables. Type 9 (9A) is typically used to connect between a station adapter and a wall outlet. Type 8 cabling consists of two individually shielded flat parallel pairs.The wires pairs are flat instead of twisted which reduces the thickness of the cable. This makes Type 8 ideal for an office environment where the cabling has to be routed under carpet. <br>IBM Type 3 cabling is similar to the Category 3 "unshielded twisted pair" (UTP) cabling typically used with Ethernet 10Base-T. It has a 100 ohm impedance in contrast to the 150 ohm impedance of STP cabling. It usually includes four twisted pairs as opposed to STP cabling which has only two twisted pairs. ';
Quest[28]='What is Patch cord bending radius?';
Anwser[28]='Patch-cord bend radius as stated in TIA/EIA-568-A document section 10.6.3.2,shall not be less than four times the cable diameter for horizontal cable." This applies to termination on the back of the patch panel and outlet location where the horizontal cables terminate and bend-radius stability can occur due to securing the cables in place by tie wraps or other means, but at the front of the patch panel or work area location patch-cords may be in a state of flux from moves, adds, or changes and securing of patch.<br>cords become impartial in real life. While the standards do not address the bend radius of patch cords, neither do they advocate the kinking of patch cords, which can lead to signal degradation in copper and broken glass in fiber patch cords. ';
Quest[29]='What is Plenum/Non-Plenum cable?';
Anwser[29]='In the US market, there are two kinds of sheathing material for STP & UTP cables. One of them is Plenum and another is Non-Plenum. When the Plenum cables are on fire, it may release only a few smokes and poisonous gas. Therefore, the US organization required that the Plenum cables shall be used for all exthermic equipments and air-conditioners. Except this, the Non-Plenum cables can be considered in other places. PVC material is commonly used for Non-Plenum cables.';
Quest[30]='What is the installation distance?';
Anwser[30]='Installations are limited to a total cable distance of 328 feet (100 meters) per node. Anything over the maximum distance of 328 feet begins to lose the signal. Installing a higher grade of cable and terminating hardware may allow the maximum distance to increase to 492 feet (150 meters) over the same working frequency. ';
Quest[31]='What is 568B wiring configuration?';
Anwser[31]='The 568B wiring configuration is the primary choice for many installations.The 568B wiring configuration is adopted for multimedia workstations, where digital telephone jacks are offered in one media outlet housing. With the use of 568B wiring configuration, wrong connection to the network equipment is highly minimized.';
Quest[32]='What is a Demarc?';
Anwser[32]='Demarc stands for demarcation point. It is the transition point where outdoor cabling interfaces with the indoor cabling.';
Quest[33]='What is Cable Topology?';
Anwser[33]='The cable topology describes the way that stations on the network are connected together.Each topology has its own advantages and disadvantages.Structured Wiring Systems use the star topology.There are three major cable topologies: Daisy Chain, Bus and Star.Computer networks generally use one topology, though ARCnet may use both bus and star topology.Office telephones (one extension per phone) use a star configuration,while home telephones (all on one extension) are often daisy chained.';
Quest[34]='What is Daisy Chain Topology?';
Anwser[34]='With a daisy chain,each station is plugged into the device upstream and downstream from itself.Phonenet and Etherwave are two cabling systems that daisy chain devices together.<br>Advantages: These are very easy to connect all the devices together.They require a minimum of cable as compared to other cable configuration.It is easy to add more devices anywhere in the chain. <br>Disadvantages: A component failure or cable failure in midstream will disable the entire network. Also, if you want to add a device in the middle of the chain,the network will get down during the process.The cabling for these networks is generally put in open space and may therefore be more vulnerable to accidental disconnections and breaks.';
Quest[35]='What is bus Topology?';
Anwser[35]='With a bus topology,all stations are attached to the same cable.The most popular networks using a bus topology are 10BASE2 and 10BASE5 Ethernet.Arcnet can also run on a bus topology.<br>Advantages: A bus requires less cable because you only need enough to chain the stations together.There is no central point of failure on a bus because there is no hub.<br>Disadvantages: However,a bus can be even more vulnerable to failure than a star because any problem impacts the entire network.A bus can make troubleshooting difficult for the same reason. ';
Quest[36]='What is a Star Topology?';
Anwser[36]='With a star topology,each station has a cable connecting back to a central hub. The most popular networks using a star topology are 10BASE-T Ethernet and Token Ring. Basically every cable is required to begin in a central distribution room and end at its respected jack location no longer than 300ft away.<br>Advantages: A star can simplify troubleshooting because stations can be disconnected from the hub one at a time until the problem is isolated. Further, some hubs are equipped with LEDs that can indicate activity and errors on each port,making it even easier to isolate problems. Disadvantages: It requires more cable to wire a star. A hub failure can knock out the entire network.Stars can be more expensive because of the cost of the hub.';
Quest[37]='What is an MDF and an IDF?';
Anwser[37]='MDF stands for Main Distribution Frame and IDF stands for Independent Distribution Frame.The MDF is the main computer room for servers, hubs, routers, DSLs, etc. to reside. The IDF is a remote room or closet connected to the MDF by fiber optic cable. In the IDF you can expect to find hubs and patch panels.';
Quest[38]='What is the difference between different wiring configuration?';
Anwser[38]='Twisted Pair cabling uses an 8-wire modular connector called the RJ-45. The trick is in making sure that you connect the right colored wire to the right pin in the RJ-45. 568A, 568B, 258A and USOC are all standards describing which wire goes on which pin.<br>No matter which cabling wiring configuration is adopted, the pairs are always colored the same. Pair 1 is always blue.<br>Pair Color<br>1 Blue & Blue with white stripes<br>2 Orange & Orange with white stripes<br>3 Green & Green with white stripes<br>4 Brown & Brown with white stripe<br>The blue wire and the blue wire with white stripes ("blue/white" for short) are twisted together within the cable, and this makes them suitable for carrying.data The various standards define which pair is attached to which pins on the RJ-45.<br>When recalling the wiring configurations, here are some basic rules: <br>* The solid color wires and the striped wires always alternate <br>** Pin 1 is always a striped wire.<br>*** Pair 1, Blue, is always in the middle on pins 4 & 5.<br>¡ª¡ª568B (AKA 258A)<br>The TIA 568A standard is always the preferred way of terminating cable. It matches the method of terminating cable that Northern Telecom used for ISDN. 568B (AKA 258A) Before the TIA ever met to adopt the 568A standard for cable terminations, AT&T had a very similar standard for terminating their cable, called 258A.258A works just as well as 568A. In fact, the TIA committee decided to include AT&Ts 258A standard, but they called it the 568B standard. 258A and 568B are exactly the same. This is what happens when committees try to make everyone happy.Further, the TIA cabling standard states one may use either 568A or 568B but not both in one cabling system. As long as the wiring configuration is consistent. the system will work fine. ';
Quest[39]='Why are the pairs shuffled around, instead of laid out logically?  ';
Anwser[39]='Well, they are logical, if you know the background. Ethernet was originally designed to run over the same cabling used by the phone system (AT&T created this as StarLAN), so this design left pins 4/5 available for a phone.If you plug an RJ-11 (4 wire) into this, the middle two pins (2/3) of the RJ-11 would connect to the middle two pins (4/5) of the RJ-45, just perfect for a 1-line phone. If you plug an Ethernet cable into it, pins 1/2 will be used as one pair,and pins 3/6 will be used as another. So, there are no conflicts.<br>USOC is an old standard, used for voice cabling. For 1 & 2 line phones (which use pins 4/5 and 3/6), 568A or 568B will work just as well as USOC. But for Ethernet (pins 1/2 and 3/6), USOC will not work. An Ethernet NIC transmiting signals on pins 1/2 will get troubles because 1/2 are not a pair (not the same color,and not twisted together). So unless one know the cable plant is only for analog voice application and not for any digital voice or ISDN data application, he should avoid using USOC.';
Quest[40]='When I should use 568A or 568B or USOC?';
Anwser[40]='It does not matter. Both are approved by the TIA/EIA 568. Both have the same performance. What you need to avoid is terminating one end of the run in 568A and the other end in 568B. That will cross pair 2 and 3. Both schemes are shown.<br>Avoid using USOC anywhere in the cable plant. USOC wiring was the pre-data standard for telecommunications. When a LAN NIC transmits on two wires, it expects them to be a pair of wires that are twisted together. Ethernet transmits on pins 1 and 2. Notice that on a USOC cable, they are not twisted together.This greatly increases the crosstalk on the line and causes transmission to be unreliable.';
Quest[41]='When is Wireless going to replace cabling?';
Anwser[41]='Wireless networks also require cabling. The current applications for wireless solutions are; college campus environments, high schools, shipping companies,hospitals. The wireless solution is a complement solution for a wired. LAN. For instance, in the college campus environments the administration offices would remain cabled, while limited access to the colleges main frame is granted to student sroaming the campus with their laptops. Wireless solutions are also handy in old high schools, hotels, apartments and Condos where ceiling and wall access is limited.IWireless will remain an additional solution but not a replacement for cabled networks.';
Quest[42]='What is the difference between T568A and T568B wiring schemes?';
Anwser[42]='The only difference is the pin assignments for-pairs 2 and 3 are reversed.TIA recommends using TS68A scheme because it is compatible with USOC 4-wire scheme, but performance-wise it makes no difference. Either wiring scheme can be used, just make sure to stay consistent.';
Quest[43]='What is the minimum separation distance required between power and communication cables?';
Anwser[43]='Table 10.4.1 in TIA-569 specifies distance requirements based on voltage spikes and the use of metallic or non-metallic trunking. The numbers in this table have been disputed in recent years and will most likely be revised in TIA-569-A. The IEEE electrical regulation requires only a physical barrier between power and communications lines for safety purposes. ';
Quest[44]='Is there a difference between shielded and screened cable?';
Anwser[44]='Yes. Shielded cable (denoted by STP) is most often known as "IBM Type 1"cable. It is defined in TIA-568-A as two individually twisted pairs separated by a shield with a nominal impedance of 150 ohms. Screened cable (called ScTP) can be considered a close relative of UTP. It consists of 4 pairs of 22 or 24 AWG wire enclosed by an outer foil.';
Quest[45]='There has been some concern recently about "short link resonance".What is it?';
Anwser[45]='There is some connecting hardware on the market that will pass Category 6 requirements in a TSB-40 component test, but will unexpectedly fail Near End Cross Talk (NEXT) when tested in a link of less than 15 meters. TIA is working on additional requirements on connecting hardware that will eliminate this phenomenon.';
Quest[46]='What is component compliance for Cat 6 product? ';
Anwser[46]='Component compliance means that each Category 6 product,including patch panels,patch cords,cable and modular jacks can perform satisfactorily as individual components as outlined in the Category 6 standards. Component compliance means that each product can pass the Cat 6 standard individually with enough headroom of its own.In fact,component compliance is the only way to ensure that a Category 6 network will actually deliver Category 6 performance.Component compliance is different from link and channel compliance.For a link testing, performance is measured from the modular jack at the work a rea,through the horizontal cable to the first patch panel or connecting block of the cross-connect. Link testing does not test the station cord,the equipment cord,or even the additional patch cords, patch panels or connecting blocks in the cross-connect. Channel testing goes one step further by including station cords and equipment cords. Link and channel tests only measure how cabling and connectivity products work together,not the performance of individual components.Link and channel compliance cannot reflect fully the performance of a Category 6 system.Link or Channel testing does not gurantee that an under-performing connectivity product may take advantage of available headroom of the cable product in the channel.Channel tests do not show, for example,how the generous headroom typically available in horizontal cable makes up for the poor performance of a plug.Without component compliance,there is no way that Category 6 products can meet an important part of the Cat 6 standard - backwards compatibility.';
Quest[47]='What is backwards compatibility? ';
Anwser[47]='Backwards compatibility implies an open architecture.which can only be achieved with component compliance.TIA specifically states "next generation cabling,components and mated connections shall satisfy all requirements of their category in addition to all existing lower category specifications." <br>What this means is that mating a Category 6 patch panel with a Category 5e patch cord will result in Category 5e performance. And this means that mating a Category 6 patch panel with a Category 3 patch cord will result in Category 3 performance. Backwards compatibility also implies vendor independence. So, mating a Category 6 patch panel from vendor A with a Category 6 patch cord from vendor B will result in performance that meets Category 6 transmission requirements. Again, this is only possible with a component compliant system. Backwards compatibility is also required for Category 5e and Category 5 products.In fact,TIA states that If different category/class components are to be mixed with category 6/class E components,then the combination shall meet the transmission requirements of the lowest performing category/class component.';
Quest[48]='What is near-end crosstalk(NEXT)? ';
Anwser[48]='Near-end crosstalk(NEXT) is an error condition that can occur when connectors are attached to twisted pair cabling. NEXT is usually caused by crossed or crushed wire pairs. The error condition does not require that the wires be crushed so much that the conductors inside become exposed. Two conductors only need to be close enoughso that the radiating signal from one of the wires can interfere with the signal traveling on the other. Most medium- to high-end cable testers are capable of testing for NEXT errors.';
Quest[49]='What is ATTENUATION ?';
Anwser[49]='Attenuation is a general term that refers to any reduction in the strength of a signal. Attenuation occurs with any type of signal, whether digital or analog. Sometimes called loss, attenuation is a natural consequence of signal transmission over long distances. The extent of attenuation is usually expressed in units called decibels (dBs).In conventional and fiber optic cables, attenuation is specified in terms of the number of decibels per foot, 1,000 feet, kilometer, or mile. The less the attenuation per unit distance, the more efficient the cable. When it is necessary to transmit signals over long distances via cable, one or more repeaters can be inserted along the length of the cable. The repeaters boost the signal strength to overcome attenuation. This greatly increases the maximum attainable range of communication. ';
Quest[50]='What is ACR?';
Anwser[50]='Attenuation-to-crosstalk ratio (ACR), also called headroom, is the difference, expressed as a figure in decibels (dB), between the signal attenuation produced by a wire or cable transmission medium and the near-end crosstalk (NEXT). In order for a signal to be received with an acceptable bit error rate, the attenuation and the crosstalk must both be minimized. In practice, the attenuation depends on the length and gauge of the wire or cable transmission medium, and is a fixed quantity. However, crosstalk can be reduced by ensuring that twisted-pair wiring is tightly twisted and is not crushed, and by ensuring that connectors between wire and cable media are properly rated and installed. Crosstalk can sometimes be reduced by replacing unshielded twisted pair (UTP) wiring with shielded twisted pair (STP) wiring. The ACR is a quantitative indicator of how much stronger the attenuated signal is than the crosstalk at the destination (receiving) end of a communications circuit. The ACR figure must be at least several decibels for proper performance. If the ACR is not large enough, errors will be frequent. In many cases, even a small improvement in ACR can cause a dramatic reduction in the bit error rate. ';
Quest[51]='What are the Validating Test and the Authentication Test of the cables?';
Anwser[51]=' The validating test is used to test whether the lengths of the cables and the connection of the twisted pairs are correct, but it could not be used to test the electric index of the cables. The Authentication Test is used to test the performance of the cables according to some international standard. It includes all the contents of the Validating Test and the indexes of the standard testing cables, such as attenuation and impedance, etc. The Validating Test could not ensure whether the cables can pass through the high-speed data signal of the network, such as 10M or 10MHz. Only the cables fixed achieve the corresponding index so that they can support the signal of 10M or 100M.';
Quest[52]='What is the link of the cables?';
Anwser[52]='The link of the cables refers to the connection of the cables, including the electric cables, the connector plugs, and the connector jacks or sometimes the patch panels and the coupling. Different standards stipulate different links, ie, the model of the testing. For example, TSB-67 stipulates the Basic Link and the Channel. Especially it emphasizes the link is not equal to the cable. The cable is just one part of the link. If you hope that the cabling system installed could support the bandwidth of 100MHz, the link could achieve the result but the cables could not. ';
Quest[53]='What is the abnormity of the impedance? ';
Anwser[53]='The impedance is a kind of electric index of the cables. It should be a constant in the cabling system. If the impedance is not a constant in the use, the phenomena of reflection will occur in the place where the impedance changes. The standard of DS100 and DS2000 the Fluke Company used could show the abnormity of the impedance through the default reflect value of 15%, ie, if the reflection signal goes beyond 15%, it will show that the impedance is in abnormity. Besides, DSP100/2000 could trace out the curve of the special impedance. The perfect curve should be a straight line. If the impedance goes in an abnormal way, there must be a wave crest or a trough in the curve. The wave crest shows that the figure of the impedance becomes bigger, while the trough shows the figure of the impedance becomes smaller. ';
Quest[54]='What are the seven steps of 6 categories Cabling System?';
Anwser[54]='Investigation---Design---Construction---Installation---Testing---Documentation---Maintenance ';
Quest[55]='What is the significance of the standard of 6 categories Cabling System?';
Anwser[55]='It marks the maturity of these six categories products.<br>2. It unifies all the diversified standards.<br>3. It tests all the changes of the model.<br>4. It stipulates the stricter craftworks of the construction.<br>5. It shows the importance of the authenticated testing.';
Quest[56]='What is the standard way of connecting the Twisted Pairs?';
Anwser[56]='Generally speaking, the Twisted Pairs are used to construct the Star-shaped network in the Cabling System. Each Twisted Pair connect the network facilities with each other through RJ45 Port Plug fixed in the two ends. The standard way of connecting the Twisted Pairs is not stipulated at random, but to keep the symmetry of the overall arrangement of the whole Cabling System so that it can eliminate the mutual interference of the Patch Cables inside the connector.<br>CAT5e is one of network cables most frequently used in the Cabling System. It can be divided into the Shielded and the Unshielded. If you want to install the Patch Cables outdoor, we advise you of using the Shielded ones. And if you install them indoor, the Unshielded ones will be OK. Because the Unshielded Patch Cables are without the shielded layer, this kind of Patch Cables will be relatively softer than the Shielded ones. But the way of connecting them is similar. Generally speaking, there are 4pairs slimlines bundled in the CAT5e Patch Cables, and they are marked by the different colors.<br>There are two ways of connecting the Twisted Pairs: They are fixed according to the standard of EIA/TIA 568B and EIA/TIA 568A. More details are below:<br><img src=\"images\/pair.gif\"><br>According to the sequence of T568A:<br>1¡¡2 ¡¡3 ¡¡4 ¡¡5 ¡¡6 ¡¡7 ¡¡8 <br>green-white green orange-white blue blue-white orange brown-white brown <br>According to the sequence of T568B:<br>orange-white orange green-white blue blue-white green brown-white brown<br>Straight Line: The two ends are connected according to the standard of T568B.<br>Crossover Line: One end is connected according to the standard of T568A, the other T568B.';
Quest[57]='What are the indexes of products of 6 categories that we can not neglect?  ';
Anwser[57]='Many key indexes of products have been neglected when the users choose the products. But it is very critical for the quality of the construction. Besides, it is also very helpful to improve the qualities of the cables wholly. <br>1. Which kind of value it is, the Typical Value or the Guaranteed Value? <br>Generally speaking, the Typical Value is an affirmatory value which means it will be achieved even if the products are not good enough. In fact, the actual testing value must go over the lowest level but will not be lower than it. Judging from the definitions of the Typical Value and the Average Value, the actual testing value sometimes goes over the Typical Value and sometimes goes under it. But what the users are always concerned about is what the lowest value is on earth. Generally speaking, the Guaranteed Value is lower than the Typical Value at about 3-5dB. Therefore, it is wrong to compare the Guaranteed Value of products A with the Typical Value of product B. What the users should compa with is the Guaranteed Value of the two kinds of products, because the Guaranteed Value means that the actual performance of the two kinds of products will be much better than the lowest level. It is impossible that the actual performance is lower than the Guaranteed Value, so only the Guaranteed Value can make the users feel reassuring. A manufacturer who holds the credit standing should show the Guaranteed Value to the users, because it is a kind of promise. <br>2. Are both the Long Channel and the Short Channel suitable for the actual use? <br>Most of us feel that the index of the Long Channel is better than the Short Channel, but actually the case is not like this. About some parameters, the Short Channel is not good as the Long Channel, because the indexes that many manufacturers give are based on the channel with the length of 100m. However, it cannot reflect the needs of users really. In fact, in most cases the lengths of the channels are between 30m and 40m. When the users buy the products, the two points below should be considered: 1. Does the manufacturer provide the users with the corresponding parameters? 2. Are both the Long Channel and the Short Channel suitable for the actual use? Only the products of six categories meet all the demands so that they can give the users the guarantee.Additionally, all the series of Addison products meet the demands that the newest test stipulates of the six categories Cabling System no matter what kind of channel is, the Long Channel or the Short Channel..  <br>3. The indexes of the performance are based on how many times are the products tested? Ten or thousands of times? <br>If the indexes of the performance are just based on more than ten times of testing results (or even some manufacturers stipulate the indexes of the performance only by a certain test), such testing results can not represent the actual performance at all. Only the indexes of the six categories measure up the testing results for thousands of times so that the quality can be guaranteed. <br>4. Is it a whole frequency strip or a single frequency? <br>Besides all the problems above, all the indexes should point to the lowest value of the whole frequency strip. If a manufacturer just provides the indexes of performance on a certain frequency, the users should consider whether it is safe to be used. Usually, these indexes the manufacturer provide with are the best in a given frequency. At least, the indexes in other frequencies are not as good as those in that given frequency.';
Quest[58]='What is the difference between 10BASE-T, 100BASE-T and 1000BASE-T?';
Anwser[58]='10BASE-T is the IEEE standard that defines the requirement for sending information at 10 Mbps on unshielded twisted-pair cabling, and defines various aspects of running Ethernet on this cabling. 100BASE-T is the IEEE standard that defines the requirement for sending information at 100 Mbps on unshielded twisted-pair cabling, and defines various aspects of running base-band Ethernet on this cabling. 1000BASE-T (also called gigabit Ethernet) is the IEEE standard that defines the requirement for sending information at 1000 Mbps on unshielded twisted-pair cabling, and defines various aspects of running base-band Ethernet on this cabling';
Quest[59]='What is a cross-over cable?';
Anwser[59]='A cross-over cable is a segment of cable that crosses over pins 1&2 and 3&6. This cable is normally used to connect two PCs without the use of a hub, or can be used to cascade two hubs without using an uplink port. Some DSL modems require a crossover cable to the PC or hub they are connected to.';
Quest[60]='What are the maximum lengths for cables? ';
Anwser[60]='For Solid UTP: Fast Ethernet 100baseT 100 Meters (328 feet) Twisted Pair Ethernet 10baseT 100 Meters (328 feet) Recommended maximum lengths for Patch Cables made from stranded cable: Fast Ethernet 100baseT 10 Meters (33 feet) Twisted Pair Ethernet 10baseT 10 Meters (33 feet)';
Quest[61]='What is EMI and how to prevent it?';
Anwser[61]='EMI stands for Electro-Magnetic Interference. It is potentially harmful to your communications system because it can lead to signal loss and degrade the overall performance of high-speed, CAT-5e cabling. EMI is interference in signal transmission or reception and is caused by the radiation of electrical or magnetic fields which are present near power cables, heavy machinery, or fluorescent lighting. Avoiding EMI is as simple as not laying your network cable within 12" of electrical cable, or if needed switching from UTP to more expensive shielded cable.';
Quest[62]='Why do I need all the bandwidth of category 6 cable? As far as I know, there is no application today that requires 200 MHz of bandwidth.';
Anwser[62]='A:CAT6 cabling products includes the following : UTP CAT6 cable bulk, FTP CAT6 cable bulk and SFTP CAT6 cable bulk. All these three different types of CAT6 cables only have 4 pair construction. Bandwidth precedes data rates just as highways come before traffic. Doubling the bandwidth is like adding twice the number of lanes on a highway. The trends of the past and the predictions for the future indicate that data rates have been doubling every 18 months. Current applications running at 1 Gb/s are really pushing the limits of CAT5e cables. As streaming media applications such as video and multi-media become commonplace,the demands for faster data rates will increase and spawn new applications that will benefit from the higher bandwidth offered by CAT6 cables. CAT6 cables repeats exactly what happened in the early 90?¯s when the higher bandwidth of CAT5 cabling compared to CAT3 caused most LAN applications to choose the better media to allow simpler, cost effective, higher speed LAN applications, such as 100BASE-TX. Note: Bandwidth of CAT6 cables is defined as the highest frequency up to which positive power sum ACR (Attenuation to Crosstalk Ratio) is greater than zero. Cat6 cables are ideal for networking applications where high bandwidth is required. For detailed product description for CAT6 Cables, please visit the CAT6 Cable Bulk in the Product Category. There are other related FAQ for CAT6 cables. If you want to know more information for CAT6 cable bulk, please read Category 6 FAQ';
Quest[63]='What is the general difference between category 5e and category 6?';
Anwser[63]='The general difference between category 5e and category 6 is in the transmission performance, and extension of the available bandwidth from 100 MHz for category 5e to 200 MHz for category 6. This includes better insertion loss, near end crosstalk (NEXT), return loss, and equal level far end crosstalk (ELFEXT). These improvements provide a higher signal-to-noise ratio, allowing higher reliability for current applications and higher data rates for future applications.';
Quest[64]='Will category 6 supersede category 5e?';
Anwser[64]='Yes, analyst predictions and independent polls indicate that 80 to 90 percent of all new installations will be cabled with category 6. The fact that category 6 link and channel requirements are backward compatible to category 5e makes it very easy for customers to choose category 6 and supersede category 5e in their networks. Applications that worked over category 5e will work over category 6.';
Quest[65]='What does category 6 do for my current network vs. category 5e?';
Anwser[65]='Because of its improved transmission performance and superior immunity from external noise, systems operating over category 6 cabling will have fewer errors vs. category 5e for current applications. This means fewer re-transmissions of lost or corrupted data packets under certain conditions, which translates into higher reliability for category 6 networks compared to category 5e networks.';
Quest[66]='When should I recommend or install category 6 vs. category 5e?';
Anwser[66]='From a future proofing perspective, it is always better to install the best cabling available. This is because it is so difficult to replace cabling inside walls, in ducts under floors and other difficult places to access. The rationale is that cabling will last at least 10 years and will support at least four to five generations of equipment during that time. If future equipment running at much higher data rates requires better cabling, it will be very expensive to pull out category 5e cabling at a later time to install category 6 cabling. So why not do it for a premium of about 20 percent over category 5e on an installed basis?';
Quest[67]='What is the shortest link that the standard will allow?';
Anwser[67]='There is no short length limit. The standard is intended to work for all lengths up to 100 meters. There is a guideline in ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B.1 that says the consolidation point should be located at least 15 meters away from the telecommunications room to reduce the effect of connectors in close proximity. This recommendation is based upon worst-case performance calculations for short links with four mated connections in the channel';
Quest[68]='What is a "tuned" system between cable and hardware? Is this really needed if product meets the standard?';
Anwser[68]='The word "tuned" has been used by several manufacturers to describe products that deliver headroom to the category 6 standard. This is outside the scope of the category 6 standard. The component requirements of the standard have been carefully designed and analyzed to assure channel compliance and electrical/ mechanical interoperability.What is impedance matching between cable and hardware? Is this really needed if product meets the standard? ';
Quest[69]='What is impedance matching between cable and hardware? Is this really needed if product meets the standard?';
Anwser[69]='The standard has no impedance matching requirements. These are addressed by having return loss requirements for cables, connectors, and patch cords. ';
Quest[70]='Is there any application for CAT6 bulk cable in the residential market? ';
Anwser[70]='CAT6 cable or(sometimes called CAT6 bulk cable in the USA market)is becoming a very popular products employed in the structured wiring,smart home,home automation,home wiring panels,systems,DIY networking kits,and Residential Wiring Cables.CAT6 bulk Cable is available in solid or stranded;riser or plenum,packaged in either boxes or spools.There are a lot of applications for CAT6 bulk cable in the residential market. CAT6 bulk cable will be very effective in the residential market to support higher Internet access speeds while facilitating the more stringent Class B EMC requirements(see also the entire FCC Rules and Regulations, Title 47, Part 15).The better balance of CAT6 bulk cable will make it easier to meet the residential EMC requirements compared to CAT5E bulk cable.Also,the growth of streaming media applications to the home will increase the need for higher data rates which are supported more easily and efficiently by CAT6 bulk cable. If you want to get more information about the CAT6 bulable standard,please buy and download the CAT6 bulk cable standard from Global Engineering Documents.For more detailed information regarding the product,please click here for CAT6 bulk cable.';
Quest[71]='Why would not I skip category6 and go straight to optical fiber';
Anwser[71]='You can certainly do that but will find that a fiber system is still very expensive. Ultimately, economics drive customer decisions, and today optical fiber together with optical transceivers is about twice as expensive as an equivalent system built using category 6 and associated copper electronics. Installation of copper cabling is more craft-friendly and can be accomplished with simple tools and techniques. Additionally, copper cabling supports the emerging Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) power standard under development by IEEE (802.3af).  ';
Quest[72]='What is meant by the term "Electrically Balanced"?';
Anwser[72]='A simple open wire circuit consisting of two wires is considered to be a uniform, balanced transmission line. A uniform transmission line is one which has substantially identical electrical properties throughout its length, while a balanced transmission line is one whose two conductors are electrically alike and symmetrical with respect to ground and other nearby conductors.* "Electrically balanced" relates to the physical geometry and the dielectric properties of a twisted pair of conductors. If two insulated conductors are physically identical to one another in diameter, concentricity, dielectric material and are uniformly twisted with equal length of conductor, then the pair is electrically balanced with respect to its surroundings. The degree of electrical balance depends on the design and manufacturing process. Category 6 cable requires a greater degree of precision in the manufacturing process. Likewise, a category 6 connector requires a more balanced circuit design. For balanced transmission, an equal voltage of opposite polarity is applied on each conductor of a pair. The electromagnetic fields created by one conductor cancel out the electromagnetic fields created by its "balanced" companion conductor, leading to very little radiation from the balanced twisted pair transmission line. The same concept applies to external noise that is induced on each conductor of a twisted pair. A noise signal from an external source, such as radiation from a radio transmitter antenna generates an equal voltage of the same polarity, or "common mode voltage," on each conductor of a pair. The difference in voltage between conductors of a pair from this radiated signal, the "differential voltage" is effectively zero. Since the desired signal on the pair is the differential signal, the interference does not affect balanced transmission. The degree of electrical balance is determined by measuring the "differential voltage" and comparing it to the "common mode voltage" expressed in decibels (dB). This measurement is called Longitudinal Conversion Loss "LCL" in the Category 6 standard. * The ABC is of the telephone Vol.7';
Quest[73]='What is the difference between enhanced category 5e cable rated for 400 MHz and category 6 cable rated for 250 MHz? ';
Anwser[73]='Category 5e requirements are specified up to 100 MHz. Cables can be tested up to any frequency that is supported by the test equipment, but such measurements are meaningless without the context of applications and cabling standards. The category 6 standard sets minimum requirements up to 250 MHz for cables, connecting hardware, patch cords, channels and permanent links, and therefore guarantees reasonable performance that can be utilized by applications';
Quest[74]='Why did all CAT 6 cable used to have a spine, and now is offered without one? ';
Anwser[74]='All the CAT 6 cable products which includes UTP CAT 6 cable, FTP CAT 6 cable and SFTP CAT 6 cable used to have a spine to increase the separation between pairs and also to maintain the pair geometry. This additional separation improves NEXT performance and allows CAT 6 cable compliance to be achieved. With advances in technology, manufacturers have found other ways of meeting CAT 6 cable requirements. The bottom line is the internal construction of the cable does not matter, so long as it meets all the transmission and physical requirements of CAT 6 cable. The standard does not dictate any particular method of cable construction. If you want to get more information about the CAT 6 standard, please buy and download the CAT 6 cable standard from Global Engineering Documents. For more detailed information regarding the product, please click here for CAT 6 cable.';
Quest[75]='Will contractors be able to make their own patch cords?';
Anwser[75]='Category 6 patch cords are precision products, just like the cables and the connectors. They are best manufactured and tested in a controlled environment to ensure consistent, reliable performance. This will ensure interoperability and backward compatibility. All this supports patch cords as a factory-assembled product rather than a field-assembled product';
Quest[76]='Do you have to use the manufacturer is patch cords to get category 6 performance?';
Anwser[76]='The category 6 standard has specifications for patch cords and connectors that are intended to assure interoperable category 6 performance. If manufacturers can demonstrate that each component meets the requirements in the standard, minimum category 6 performance will be achieved. However, manufacturers may also design their products to perform better than the minimum category 6 requirements, and in these cases compatible patch cords and connectors may lead to performance above the minimum category 6 requirements';
Quest[77]='Why do field tester manufacturers offer many different link adapters if everyone meets the standard?';
Anwser[77]='This was an interim solution while the standard was still being developed and the interoperability requirements were not yet established. It is likely that soon one or more adapters will work for testing of cabling from all vendors.';
Quest[78]='Would you get passing test results if you used a link adapter not recommended by a manufacturer?';
Anwser[78]='This was an interim solution while the standard was still being developed and the interoperability requirements were not yet established. It is likely that soon one or more adapters will work for testing of cabling from all vendors';
Quest[79]='Is there any product categorization for Category 5e cabling and Category 6 cabling?';
Anwser[79]='Category 5e cabling and Category 6 cabling are the most common cabling products in the cabling system. Category 5e Cable and Category 6 Cable can be offered in different fire grades which include CM ( non plenum grade ), CMR ( Riser grade ), CMP ( Plenum grade ), FRPVC ( Fire retardancy grade ) and LSZH ( Low smoke and halogen free grade ). Category 5e cabling includes both UTP Category 5e cables and FTP Category 5e cables. Category 6 cabling includes UTP Category 6 cables, FTP Category 6 cables and SFTP Category 6 cables. Category 5e and Category 6 cables can either be solid or stranded for both horizontal cabling and patching purpose';
Quest[80]='Are the connectors for Category 5e cable and Category 6 cable different? Why are they more expensive?';
Anwser[80]='Although category 6 cable and category 5e cable connectors may look alike, category 6 cable connectors have much better transmission performance. For example, at 100 MHz, NEXT of a category 5e cable connector is 43 decibels (dB), while NEXT of a category 6 cable connector is 54 dB. This means that a category 6 cable connector couples about 1/12 of the power that a category 5e cable connector couples from one pair to another pair. Conversely, one can say that a category 6 connector is 12 times less "noisy" compared to a category 5e cable connector. This vast improvement in performance was achieved with new technology, new processes, better materials and significant R&D resources, leading to higher costs for manufacturers. ';
Quest[81]='What will happen if I mix and match different manufacturers hardware together?';
Anwser[81]='If the components are category 6 compliant, then you will be assured of category 6 performance';